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Raphanus sativus
| Common name: |
Radish |
Family: |
Cruciferae |
| Author: |
L. |
Botanical references: |
200 |
| Synonyms: |
Raphanus raphanistrum sativus ((L.) G. Beck.) |
| Known Hazards: |
The Japanese radishes have higher concentrations of glucosinolate, a substance that acts against the thyroid gland. It is probably best to remove the skin[160]. |
| Range: |
A plant of cultivation. the origin of which is obscure. It probably arose through cultivation. |
| Habitat: |
Not known in the wild. |
| Edibility Rating (1-5): |
3 | Medicinal Rating (1-5): | 3 |
| Other Possible Synonyms: | From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below. |
| R. raphanistrum var. sativus[B,P]
|
| Other Common Names: | From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below. |
| Garden Radish [L], Karaturp [E], Kirmiziturp [E], Lai Fu [E], Lo Po [E], Mulaka [E], Rabano [E], Radijs [D], Radis [E], Radis Marron [E], Radish [H,B,E], Wild Radish [P], |
| Epithets: | From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |
|
sativus = cultivated
|
| Systematics: | From a USDA Plants Database |
|
Order: Capparales. Renamed to Brassicaceae -- Mustard family
|
| Other Range Info: |
From the Ethnobotany Database |
|
Britain
China Dominican Republic France Haiti India Spain Sudan Turkey Us
|
| Noxious, Invasive and Injurious Weeds | From USDA PLANTS database, Weeds Australia
, DEFRA Injurious Weeds | | Listed as noxious/invasive for: USA Invasive. |
Physical Characteristics
Annual growing to 0.45m by 0.2m at a fast rate. It is not frost tender. It is in flower from June to August, and the seeds ripen from July to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees and flies.
We rate it 3/5 for edibility and
3/5 for medicinal use.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils.
The plant prefers neutral and basic (alkaline) soils.
It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade.
It requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Cultivated Beds.Edible Uses
Flowers
Leaves Oil Root Seed Seedpod.
Young leaves - raw or cooked[37, 52, 104, 183]. A somewhat hot taste,
and the texture is somewhat coarse[K]. As long as they are young, they make
an acceptable addition in small quantities to chopped salads and are a
reasonable cooked green[K]. A nutritional analysis is available[218].
Young flower clusters - raw or cooked[183]. A spicy flavour with a crisp
pleasant texture, they make a nice addition to salads or can be used as a
broccoli substitute[9, K].
Seeds - raw. The seed can be soaked for 12 hours in warm water and then
allowed to sprout for about 6 days[244]. They have a hot spicy flavour and go
well in salads[183, 244].
Young seedpods - raw[2, 37, 52, 104]. Crisp and juicy with a mildly hot
flavour[K]. They must be eaten when young because they quickly become tough
and fibrous[183].
Root - raw or cooked[2, 37, 52]. Crisp and juicy, they have a hot and spicy
flavour and are a very popular addition to salads[183, K]. The summer crops
do not store well and should be used as soon as possible after harvesting[K].
The winter varieties (including the Japanese forms) have much larger roots
and often a milder flavour. These store well and can be either harvested in
early winter for storage or be harvested as required through the winter[K].
An edible oil is obtained from the seed[2, 183]. Composition
- Leaves (Dry weight)
-
In grammes per 100g weight of food:
Water: 0
Calories: 287
Protein: 28.7
Fat: 5.2
Carbohydrate: 49.6
Fibre: 9.6
Ash: 16.5
In milligrammes per 100g weight of food:
Calcium: 1913
Phosphorus: 261
Iron: 35.7
Sodium: 956
Potassium: 4348
VitaminA: 21
Thiamine: 0.7
Riboflavin: 2.43
Niacin: 34.8
VitaminC: 704
Source: [218]
Notes
: Vitamin A is mg not IU
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Anthelmintic
Antibacterial Antifungal Antiscorbutic Antispasmodic Astringent Cancer Carminative Cholagogue Digestive Diuretic Expectorant Laxative Poultice Stomachic.
Radishes have long been grown as a food crop, but they also have
various medicinal actions. The roots stimulate the appetite and digestion,
having a tonic and laxative effect upon the intestines and indirectly
stimulating the flow of bile[254]. Consuming radish generally results in
improved digestion, but some people are sensitive to its acridity and robust
action[254].
The plant is used in the treatment of intestinal parasites, though the part
of the plant used is not specified[147].
The leaves, seeds and old roots are used in the treatment of asthma and
other chest complaints[218].
The juice of the fresh leaves is diuretic and laxative[240].
The seed is carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic[176,
218, 240]. It is taken internally in the treatment of indigestion, abdominal
bloating, wind, acid regurgitation, diarrhoea and bronchitis[238].
The root is antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive
and diuretic[21, 218]. It is crushed and used as a poultice for burns,
bruises and smelly feet[218]. Radishes are also an excellent food remedy for
stone, gravel and scorbutic conditions[4]. The root is best harvested before
the plant flowers[21]. Its use is not recommended if the stomach or
intestines are inflamed[21].
The plant contains raphanin, which is antibacterial and antifungal[218,
238]. It inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, streptococci,
Pneumococci etc[176]. The plant also shows anti-tumour activity[218]. We have a more details factsheet on the history and medicinal use of this plant. Email webmaster@pfaf.org for details.
Other Uses
Green manure Oil Repellent.
The growing plant repels beetles from tomatoes and cucumbers[20, 201].
It is also useful for repelling various other insect pests such as carrot
root fly[201].
There is a fodder variety that grows more vigorously and is used as a green
manure[87].
Cultivation details
Very easily cultivated fast-growing plants which prefer a rich light
soil with ample moisture[16, 52, 264]. They dislike very heavy or acid
soils[16, 37]. Plants are susceptible to drought and require irrigation
during dry spells in the summer or the root quality will rapidly deteriorate
and the plant will go to seed.
Radishes are widely cultivated for their edible roots. There are many named
varieties[183] that are able to supply edible roots all year round. Over the
centuries a number of distinct groups have evolved through cultivation, these
have been classified by the botanists as follows. A separate entry has been
made for each group:-
R. sativus. The common radish. Fast maturing plants with small
roots that can be round or cylindrical and usually have red skins. They are
grown primarily for their roots which in some varieties can be ready within
three weeks from sowing the seed and are used mainly in salads. These are
mainly grown for spring, summer and autumn use and can produce a crop within
a few weeks of sowing.
R. sativus caudatus. The rat-tailed radishes. This group does not
produce roots of good quality, it is cultivated mainly for the edible young
seedpods which are harvested in the summer.
R. sativus niger. The Oriental and Spanish radishes. These are
grown for their larger edible root which can be round or cylindrical and can
be available throughout the winter.
R. sativus oleiformis. The fodder radishes. These are grown mainly
for their leaves and oil-rich seeds, they are used as a green manure or stock
feed though they can also be eaten by people. The roots of these plants soon
become fibrous, though they make acceptable eating when young.
Radishes are a good companion plant for lettuces, nasturtiums, peas and
chervil, tomatoes and cucumbers[18, 20]. They are said to repel cucumber
beetles if planted near cucumber plants and they also repel the vine borers
which attack squashes, marrows and courgettes[238]. They grow badly with
hyssop[18, 20] and with grape vines[201].
Propagation
Seed - sow outdoors in situ in succession from late winter to the
middle of summer. Germination takes place within a few days of sowing the
seed. If you want a constant supply of the roots then you need to sow seed
every 2 - 3 weeks.
Cultivars
- 'Cherry Belle'
- A very fast-growing cultivar, the roots can be harvested just 23 days after sowing the seed[264]. The root is small, round, very crisp and juicy[264].
Suppliers
For more details of plant suppliers please see our Suppliers Page which lists many more places to look.
Web References
- Details of Medicinal Uses, Habitats, etc. in M. Grieve A Modern Herbal (1931) [4]
- [H] Details of Scandanavian and European Common names in Henriette's names database
- [E] Ethnobotany Data
(common names, uses, countries) from the Ethnobotany Database.
- [B] Data
(Latin & Common names, other references) from the BONAP's Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
- [G] Data
(Common Names, Uses, Distribution) from the USDA/ARS NPGS's GRIN taxonomic database.
- [C] Taxon data.
from the CalFlora database.
- Images
from the CalPhoto database.
- [PHARM] Phytochemical Data
(common names, uses, countries) from Dr Duke's Phytochemical Database.
- [P] Data.
(uses, distribution, wetland) from the USDA'a Plants database.
- [HP] Links, Photos, Suppliers from Hortiplex Plant Database
References for raphanus sativus (a possible synonym).
See the PFAF Links Pages for other sources.
Also try Photos and info from the The Plants Database which has 14,000 images.
[K] Ken Fern
Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.
[2] Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications 1972 ISBN 0-486-20459-6
Lots of entries, quite a lot of information in most entries and references.
[4] Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9
Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
[9] Launert. E. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn 1981 ISBN 0-600-37216-2
Covers plants in Europe. a drawing of each plant, quite a bit of interesting information.
[16] Simons. New Vegetable Growers Handbook. Penguin 1977 ISBN 0-14-046-050-0
A good guide to growing vegetables in temperate areas, not entirely organic.
[18] Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants. Watkins 1979
Details of beneficial and antagonistic relationships between neighbouring plants.
[20] Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. 1978 ISBN 0-88266-064-0
Fairly good.
[21] Lust. J. The Herb Book. Bantam books 1983 ISBN 0-553-23827-2
Lots of information tightly crammed into a fairly small book.
[37] Thompson. B. The Gardener's Assistant. Blackie and Son. 1878
Excellent general but extensive guide to gardening practices in the 19th century. A very good section on fruits and vegetables with many little known species.
[52] Larkcom. J. Salads all the Year Round. Hamlyn 1980
A good and comprehensive guide to temperate salad plants, with full organic details of cultivation.
[87] Woodward. L. Burge. P. Green Manures. Elm Farm Research Centre. 1982
Green manure crops for temperate areas. Quite a lot of information on a number of species.
[104] RHS. The Garden. Volume 111. Royal Horticultural Society 1986
Snippets of information from the magazine of the RHS, including an article in Crambe maritima and another on several species thought to be tender that are succeeding in a S. Devon garden.
[147] ? A Barefoot Doctors Manual. Running Press ISBN 0-914294-92-X
A very readable herbal from China, combining some modern methods with traditional chinese methods.
[160] Natural Food Institute, Wonder Crops. 1987.
Fascinating reading, this is an annual publication. Some reports do seem somewhat exaggerated though.
[176] Yeung. Him-Che. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles 1985
A very good Chinese herbal.
[183] Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9
Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants (including tropical) and where they can be obtained (mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world.
[200] Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
[201] Allardice.P. A - Z of Companion Planting. Cassell Publishers Ltd. 1993 ISBN 0-304-34324-2
A well produced and very readable book.
[218] Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. 1985 ISBN 0-917256-20-4
Details of over 1,200 medicinal plants of China and brief details of their uses. Often includes an analysis, or at least a list of constituents. Heavy going if you are not into the subject.
[238] Bown. D. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1995 ISBN 0-7513-020-31
A very well presented and informative book on herbs from around the globe. Plenty in it for both the casual reader and the serious student. Just one main quibble is the silly way of having two separate entries for each plant.
[240] Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1986
Very terse details of medicinal uses of plants with a wide range of references and details of research into the plants chemistry. Not for the casual reader.
[244] Phillips. R. & Foy. N. Herbs Pan Books Ltd. London. 1990 ISBN 0-330-30725-8
Deals with all types of herbs including medicinal, culinary, scented and dye plants. Excellent photographs with quite good information on each plant.
[254] Chevallier. A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants Dorling Kindersley. London 1996 ISBN 9-780751-303148
An excellent guide to over 500 of the more well known medicinal herbs from around the world.
[264] Phillips. R. & Rix. M. Vegetables Macmillan Reference Books, London. 1995 ISBN 0 333 62640 0
Excellent and easily read book with good information and an excellent collection of photos of vegetables from around the world, including many unusual species.
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