| Menu list goes here |
Herbal Database Search Results
Back
to: Pathways Main Search
Page For Metaphysical uses
visit The Witchs Haven
Juniperus communis nana
| Common name: |
Juniper |
Family: |
Cupressaceae |
| Author: |
Syme. |
Botanical references: |
11, 17 |
| Synonyms: |
Juniperus sibirica (Burgsdorf.), Juniperus nana (Willd.) |
| Known Hazards: |
Although the fruit of this plant is quite often used medicinally and as a flavouring in various foods and drinks, large doses of the fruit can cause renal damage. Juniper should not be used internally in any quantities by pregnant women[65, 165]. |
| Range: |
Northern temperate zone, incl Britain, south to the mountains of N. Africa, Himalayas and California |
| Habitat: |
Rocks and moors on mountains and lowland bogs in N. Wales, N. England and Scotland[17]. |
| Edibility Rating (1-5): |
3 | Medicinal Rating (1-5): | 3 |
| Other Possible Synonyms: | From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below. |
| J. alpina[B,P]
J. communis[B,CPHOTO,CAL,CAL,,DUTCH,E,G,H,HPIC,HORTIPLEX,L,Shl,Sill,Smap,P]
J. communis ssp. alpina[B,P]
J. communis ssp. nana[B,P]
J. communis ssp. saxitilis[B,P]
J. communis subsp. nana[G]
J. communis var. alpina[B,P]
J. communis var. jackii[B,P]
J. communis var. montana[B,P]
J. communis var. saxatilis[B,P]
|
| Other Common Names: | From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below. |
| A'Ra'R A'Di [E], Ardic [E], Ardij Aghaji [E], Common Juniper [S,B,P,FEIS,DEN1,L], Enebro [E], Havrest [E], Jeneverbes [D], Juniper [H,E,L], Juniper, Common [S], Sabino Macho [S], Yoshu-Nezu [E], |
| Epithets: | From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |
|
communis = common;
nana = dwarf;
|
| Systematics: | From a USDA
Plants Database |
|
Order: Pinales. Cypress family
|
| Other Range Info: |
From the Ethnobotany Database |
|
Britain; Canada(Kwakiutl); Kurdistan; Malaya; Spain; Turkey; Us; Us(Amerindian); Us(Appalachia); Us(Blackfoot)
|
Physical Characteristics
An evergreen shrub growing to 9m at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 2 and is frost tender. It is in leaf all year, in flower from May to June, and the seeds ripen in October. The flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by Wind.
The plant not is self-fertile.
We rate it 3/5 for edibility and
3/5 for medicinal use.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow in heavy clay and nutritionally poor soils.
The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid and very alkaline soils.
It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade.
It requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.
The plant can tolerate maritime exposure.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Woodland, Sunny Edge, Ground Cover.Edible Uses
Coffee; Condiment; Fruit; Tea.
Fruit - raw or cooked[2, 5, 9, 15]. It is usually dried [12]. The fruit
is often used as a flavouring in sauerkraut, stuffings, vegetable pates etc,
and is an essential ingredient of gin[183]. The aromatic fruit is used as a
pepper substitute according to one report[183]. An essential oil is sometimes
distilled from the fruit to be used as a flavouring[183]. Average yields are
around 1%[7]. The cones are about 4 - 8mm in diameter and take 2 years to
mature[200]. Some caution is advised when using the fruit, see the notes
above on toxicity.
The roasted seed is a coffee substitute[177].
A tea is made by boiling the leaves and stems[161]. A tea made from the
berries has a spicy gin-like flavour[183].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antiseptic; Aromatic; Carminative; Diaphoretic; Diuretic; Rubefacient; Stomachic; Tonic.
Juniper fruits are commonly used in herbal medicine, as a household
remedy, and also in some commercial preparations. They are especially useful
in the treatment of digestive disorders plus kidney and bladder problems[4].
The fully ripe fruits are strongly antiseptic, aromatic, carminative,
diaphoretic, strongly diuretic, rubefacient, stomachic and tonic[4, 7, 9, 21,
46, 165, 240, 254]. They are used in the treatment of cystitis, digestive
problems, chronic arthritis, gout and rheumatic conditions[254]. They can be
eaten raw or used in a tea[222], but some caution is advised since large
doses can irritate the urinary passage[4]. Externally, it is applied as a
diluted essential oil, having a slightly warming effect upon the skin and is
thought to promote the removal of waste products from underlying
tissues[254]. It is, therefore, helpful when applied to arthritic joints
etc[254]. The fruits should not be used internally by pregnant women since
this can cause an abortion[9]. The fruits also increase menstrual bleeding so
should not be used by women with heavy periods[254]. When made into an
ointment, they are applied to exposed wounds and prevent irritation by
flies[4].
The essential oil is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is 'Toxin
elimination'[210].
Other Uses
Fibre; Fuel; Ground cover; Hair; Incense; Repellent; Resin; Strewing; Tinder.
A decoction of the branches is used as an anti-dandruff shampoo[172].
Yields the resin 'Sandarac', used in the production of a white varnish[74].
The stems were at one time used as a strewing herb[14]. The whole plant can
be burnt as an incense and fumigant[66, 102, 146]. It makes a good insect
repellent[102, 172].
The bark is used as cordage[61] and as a tinder[172].
An excellent fuel wood[66].
Many forms of this species are good ground cover plants for sunny
situations[208].
Cultivation details
Succeeds in hot dry soils and in poor soils. Succeeds in most soils so
long as they are well drained[186], preferring a neutral or slightly alkaline
soil. Does well in chalky soils[1]. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Tolerates
a pH range from 4 to 8[186]. Succeeds in light woodland but dislikes heavy
shade[186]. Established plants are very tolerant of drought[186].
Although the fully dormant plant is cold-tolerant throughout Britain, the
young growth in spring can be damaged by late frosts.
A very polymorphic species, there is a huge range of cultivars of widely
diverse habits[11, 81]. At least some forms tolerate maritime exposure[186],
there is a thriving colony in an exposed position at Land's End in
&ndndndnd[81].
Seed takes 2 - 3 years to ripen on the plant[11].
Plants are usually very slow growing, often only a few centimetres a
year[186].
Resists honey fungus[88]. Plants are sometimes attacked by a rust, this
fungus has an aecidial stage on hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)[1].
Dioecious. Male and female plants must be grown if seed is required.
Propagation
The seed requires a period of cold stratification. The seed has a hard
seedcoat and can be very slow to germinate, requiring a cold period followed
by a warm period and then another cold spell, each of 2 - 3 months
duration[78, 81]. Soaking the seed for 3 - 6 seconds in boiling water may
speed up the germination process[11]. The seed is best sown as soon as it is
ripe in a cold frame. Some might germinate in the following spring, though
most will take another year. Another possibility is to harvest the seed
'green' (when the embryo has fully formed but before the seedcoat has
hardened). The seedlings can be potted up into individual pots when they are
large enough to handle. Grow on in pots until large enough, then plant out in
early summer. When stored dry, the seed can remain viable for several
years[1].
Cuttings of mature wood, 5 - 10cm with a heel, September/October in a cold
frame. Plant out in the following autumn[1, 78].
Layering in September/October. Takes 12 months[78].
Cultivars
- ''
- No entries have been made for this species as yet.
Suppliers
For more details of plant suppliers please see our Suppliers Page which lists many more places to look.
PFAF Web Pages
This plant is mentioned in the following web pages
Web References
References for Juniperus communis (a possible synonym).
- [H] Details of Scandanavian and European Common names in Henriette's names database
- [L] Scientific and Common Names (some photos)
from Lepidoptera and some other life forms
- [E] Ethnobotany Data
(common names, uses, countries) from the Ethnobotany Database.
- [V] Images
from the Vascular Plant Image Gallery of the Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group.
- [B] Data
(Latin & Common names, other references) from the BONAP's Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
- [S] Illustration
from the Southwest School of Botanical Medicine
- [S] SW USA Dist. Maps
from the Southwest School of Botanical Medicine
- [S] Image
from the Southwest School of Botanical Medicine
- [G] Data
(Common Names, Uses, Distribution) from the USDA/ARS NPGS's GRIN taxonomic database.
- [C] Taxon data.
from the CalFlora database.
- Images
from the CalPhoto database.
- [PHARM] Phytochemical Data
(common names, uses, countries) from Dr Duke's Phytochemical Database.
- [P] Data.
(uses, distribution, wetland) from the USDA'a Plants database.
- [HP] Links, Photos, Suppliers from Hortiplex Plant Database
- [DEN] Data _ Photos
(Good Identification info) from the Virginia Tech's Dendrology Deptarments' Tree Fact Sheets.
- [FEIS] Data
(Uses, Ecology, Fire Effects) from the USDA Forestry Service Fire Effects Information System.
References for Juniperus communis subsp. nana (a possible synonym).
- [G] Data
(Common Names, Uses, Distribution) from the USDA/ARS NPGS's GRIN taxonomic database.
References for Juniperus communis var. montana (a possible synonym).
References for Juniperus sibirica (a possible synonym).
References for juniperus communis (a possible synonym).
References for the family Cupressaceae.
See the PFAF Links Pages for other sources.
Also try Photos and info from the The Plants Database which has 14,000 images.
[1] F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951
Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaces in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).
[2] Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications 1972 ISBN 0-486-20459-6
Lots of entries, quite a lot of information in most entries and references.
[4] Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9
Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
[5] Mabey. R. Food for Free. Collins 1974 ISBN 0-00-219060-5
Edible wild plants found in Britain. Fairly comprehensive, very few pictures and rather optimistic on the desirability of some of the plants.
[7] Chiej. R. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald 1984 ISBN 0-356-10541-5
Covers plants growing in Europe. Also gives other interesting information on the plants. Good photographs.
[9] Launert. E. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn 1981 ISBN 0-600-37216-2
Covers plants in Europe. a drawing of each plant, quite a bit of interesting information.
[11] Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981
A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.
[12] Loewenfeld. C. and Back. P. Britain's Wild Larder. David and Charles ISBN 0-7153-7971-2
A handy pocket guide.
[14] Holtom. J. and Hylton. W. Complete Guide to Herbs. Rodale Press 1979 ISBN 0-87857-262-7
A good herbal.
[15] Bryan. J. and Castle. C. Edible Ornamental Garden. Pitman Publishing 1976 ISBN 0-273-00098-5
A small book with interesting ideas for edible plants in the ornamental garden.
[17] Clapham, Tootin and Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press 1962
A very comprehensive flora, the standard reference book but it has no pictures.
[21] Lust. J. The Herb Book. Bantam books 1983 ISBN 0-553-23827-2
Lots of information tightly crammed into a fairly small book.
[46] Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 1959
An excellent and very comprehensive guide but it only gives very short descriptions of the uses without any details of how to utilize the plants. Not for the casual reader.
[61] Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable 1974 ISBN 0094579202
Forget the sexist title, this is one of the best books on the subject. Lists a very extensive range of useful plants from around the world with very brief details of the uses. Not for the casual reader.
[65] Frohne. D. and Pfänder. J. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants. Wolfe 1984 ISBN 0723408394
Brilliant. Goes into technical details but in a very readable way. The best work on the subject that I've come across so far.
[66] Freethy. R. From Agar to Zenery. The Crowood Press 1985 ISBN 0-946284-51-2
Very readable, giving details on plant uses based on the authors own experiences.
[74] Komarov. V. L. Flora of the USSR. Israel Program for Scientific Translation 1968
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers.
[78] Sheat. W. G. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. MacMillan and Co 1948
A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants.
[81] Rushforth. K. Conifers. Christopher Helm 1987 ISBN 0-7470-2801-X
Deals with conifers that can be grown outdoors in Britain. Good notes on cultivation and a few bits about plant uses.
[88] RHS. The Garden. Volume 112. Royal Horticultural Society 1987
Snippets of information from the magazine of the RHS. In particular, there are articles on plants that are resistant to honey fungus, oriental vegetables, Cimicifuga spp, Passiflora species and Cucurbits.
[102] Kavasch. B. Native Harvests. Vintage Books 1979 ISBN 0-394-72811-4
Another guide to the wild foods of America.
[146] Gamble. J. S. A Manual of Indian Timbers. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh 1972
Written last century, but still a classic, giving a lot of information on the uses and habitats of Indian trees. Not for the casual reader.
[161] Yanovsky. E. Food Plants of the N. American Indians. Publication no. 237. U.S. Depf of Agriculture.
A comprehensive but very terse guide. Not for the casual reader.
[165] Mills. S. Y. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism.
An excellent small herbal.
[172] Schofield. J. J. Discovering Wild Plants - Alaska, W. Canada and the Northwest.
A nice guide to some useful plants in that area.
[177] Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books 1984 ISBN 3874292169
An excellent book for the dedicated. A comprehensive listing of latin names with a brief list of edible parts.
[183] Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9
Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants (including tropical) and where they can be obtained (mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world.
[186] Beckett. G. and K. Planting Native Trees and Shrubs. Jarrold 1979
An excellent guide to native British trees and shrubs with lots of details about the plants.
[200] Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
[208] Thomas. G. S. Plants for Ground Cover J. M. Dent & Sons 1990 ISBN 0-460-12609-1
An excellent detailled book on the subject, very comprehensive.
[210] Westwood. C. Aromatherapy - A guide for home use. Amberwood Publishing Ltd 1993 ISBN 0-9517723-0-9
An excellent little pocket guide. Very concise.
[222] Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990 ISBN 0395467225
A concise book dealing with almost 500 species. A line drawing of each plant is included plus colour photographs of about 100 species. Very good as a field guide, it only gives brief details about the plants medicinal properties.
[240] Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1986
Very terse details of medicinal uses of plants with a wide range of references and details of research into the plants chemistry. Not for the casual reader.
[254] Chevallier. A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants Dorling Kindersley. London 1996 ISBN 9-780751-303148
An excellent guide to over 500 of the more well known medicinal herbs from around the world.
Readers Comments
Main Search Page
Bibliography
Plant information taken from the
Plants For A Future -
Species Database.
Copyright (c) 1997-2003.
WEB search engine by Rich Morris - Home Page- Contact Info
Blagdon Cross, Ashwater, Beaworthy, Devon, EX21 5DF, UK.
Website: www.pfaf.org Phone: 0845 458 4719/_44(0) 1208 872963 This page (UK) http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Juniperus+communis+nana
This page (US) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Juniperus+communis+nana
|
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons License.
(You can copy, distribute, display this works but: Attribution is required, its for Non-Commercial purposes, and it's Share Alike (GNUish/copyleft) i.e. has an identical license.)
We also ask that you let us know (michael@thewitchshaven.com) if
you link to, redistribute, make a derived work or do anything groovy with this information.
|
|
