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Juglans ailanthifolia cordiformis
| Common name: |
Heartseed Walnut |
Family: |
Juglandaceae |
| Author: |
(Makino.)Rehder. |
Botanical references: |
11, 58, 200 |
| Synonyms: |
|
| Known Hazards: |
None known |
| Range: |
E. Asia - Japan. |
| Habitat: |
Forests[11]. |
| Edibility Rating (1-5): |
4 | Medicinal Rating (1-5): | 1 |
| Other Possible Synonyms: | From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below. |
| J. ailantifolia var. cordiformis[G]
J. coarctata[G]
J. cordiformis[G]
J. lavallei[G]
J. sieboldiana var. cordiformis[G]
J. subcordiformis[G]
|
| Epithets: | From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |
|
cordiformis = heart shaped
|
| Systematics: | From a USDA Plants Database |
|
Order: Juglandales. Walnut family
|
Physical Characteristics
A decidious tree growing to 20m by 15m at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone 4 and is frost tender. It is in flower in June. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind.
The plant is self-fertile.
We rate it 4/5 for edibility and
1/5 for medicinal use.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil.
The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils.
It cannot grow in the shade.
It requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Bates': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Brock': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Calander': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Caloka': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Canoka': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Etter': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Fodermaier': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Frank': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Marvel': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Rhodes': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Rival': Woodland, Canopy.
Cultivar 'Wright': Woodland, Canopy.
Edible Uses
Leaves
Oil Seed.
Seed - raw or cooked[183]. They are also used in sweets, pies etc[183].
A mild and pleasant flavour, they can be eaten in quantity for dessert[183].
The shell is thin and easily cracked[117]. It is considered to be superior in
taste to C. ailanthifolia.
An edible oil is obtained from the seed[183], though it tends to go rancid
quickly.
Young buds (leaf?) and peduncles - cooked[105, 177].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Anthelmintic
Astringent Diuretic Kidney Lithontripic Pectoral Skin Tonic.
The bark is anthelmintic, astringent, diuretic, lithontripic, pectoral,
skin, tonic (kidneys)[178].
Other Uses
Dye
Herbicide Tannin Wood.
A brown dye is obtained from the seed husks and the bark[61]. Rich in
tannin, it does not require a mordant.
The bark is rich in tannin. It is used as a dye and also medicinally[178].
Plants produce chemicals which can inhibit the growth of other plants. These
chemicals are dissolved out of the leaves when it rains and are washed down
to the ground below, reducing the growth of plants under the tree[18, 20,
159]. The roots of many members of this genus produce substances that are
toxic to many plant species, especially apples (Malus species), members of
the Ericaceae, Potentilla spp and the white pines (certain Pinus spp.)[200].
Wood - soft, light, not easily cracked, of good quality. Used for cabinet
making etc[46, 61].
Cultivation details
Requires a deep well-drained loam and a sunny position sheltered from
strong winds[1, 11]. Prefers a slightly alkaline soil[200].
This is the hardiest member of the genus[63], it should succeed outdoors in
most parts of the country. It is also resistant to most insects[160]. The
young growth in spring, however, can be damaged by late frosts.
This is a form of C. ailanthifolia with a thinner shell and a better tasting
nut. It is cultivated for its edible seed in Japan and has the potential for
producing very superior nuts, especially if hybridized with J. cinerea[117,
160]. There are some named varieties[183]. Plants can come into bearing in 3
- 4 years from seed[63]. Even when grown on a very windy site in &ndndndnd,
the plants flowered in their eighth year from seed (by which time they were
more sheltered from the wind)[K]
Plants produce a deep taproot and they are intolerant of root disturbance[1,
11]. Seedlings should be planted out into their permanent positions as soon
as possible and then given some protection since they are somewhat tender
when young[1, 11].
Flower initiation depends upon suitable conditions in the previous
summer[200]. The flowers and young growths can be destroyed by even short
periods down to -2° c, but fortunately plants are usually late coming into
leaf[200].
Any pruning should only be carried out in late summer to early autumn or
when the plant is fully dormant otherwise wounds will bleed profusely and
this will severely weaken the tree[200].
Trees have a dense canopy which tends to reduce plant growth below them[K].
We have no specific information for this species, but the roots of several
members of this genus produce substances that are toxic to many plant
species, especially apples (Malus species), members of the Ericaceae,
Potentilla spp and the white pines (certain Pinus spp.)[200]. The leaves of
many species also secrete substances that have an inhibitory affect on plants
growing underneath them. All in all this is not a very good companion
plant[K].
Propagation
The seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe in individual deep pots in
a cold frame[80]. You need to protect it from mice, birds, squirrels etc. The
seed usually germinates in late winter or the spring. Plant out the seedlings
into their permanent positions in early summer and give some protection from
the cold for their first winter or two.
The seed can also be stored in cool moist conditions (such s the salad
compartment of a fridge) over the winter and sown in early spring but it may
then require a period of cold stratification before it will germinate[78,
80].
Cultivars
- 'Wright'
- A medium to large nut, it is very free cracking and has a pleasant flavour that resembles the butternut (J. cinerea)[183].
A heavy bearing, very hardy tree, it is not resistant to broom disease[183]. A good pollinator for the cultivars 'Fodermaier', 'Marvel' and 'Rival'[183].
- 'Schubert'
- A relatively large nut, it cracks out well and has an excellent flavour[183].
A heavy bearing tree[183].
- 'Rival'
- A medium-size nut, it cracks well when dried and has a good quality and flavour[183].
A hardy, productive tree, it has withstood temperatures down to -30° c or lower[183]. It is a good pollinator for the cultivar 'Wright' and is itself pollinated by that cultivar[183].
- 'Rhodes'
- A medium to large nut with a thin shell, it cracks easily and has a very good kernel percentage[183]. The flavour and quality are excellent[183].
A moderately hardy tree, it flowers late and bears heavily[183]. It is probably self-fertile[183].
- 'Marvel'
- The medium to large nut cracks well and is of good quality[183].
A vigorous, hardy, productive tree, it has withstood temperatures down to -30° c or lower[183]. It is a good pollinator for the cultivar 'Wright' and is itself pollinated by that cultivar[183].
- 'Frank'
- The medium size nut cracks well[183].
The tree comes into growth 1 - 2 weeks later than most other cultivars (though not as late as 'Canoka') and so often escapes damage from late frosts[183].
- 'Fodermaier'
- The nut is quite large, averaging 120 to the kilo[183]. It cracks well, the kernel, which averages 37% of the nut, is of good quality and has a fine flavour[183].
A vigorous, hardy tree, it has withstood temperatures down to -30° c or lower[183].
- 'Etter'
- The large nut cracks out easily, the kernel percentage and flavour are very good[183].
An exceptionally hardy, productive tree, it produces high quality seedlings for breeding and selection[183].
- 'Canoka'
- A large nut, averaging 110 - 170 to a kilo[183].
The tree bears heavy crops annually, though it requires a relatively long growing season to fully ripen the nuts[183]. The tree comes into growth 1 - 2 weeks later than most other cultivars and so often escapes damage from late frosts[183].
- 'Caloka'
- A small to medium-size nut, averaging 170 to the kilo[183]. The kernel averages 36% of the nut[183].
- 'Calander'
- A medium-size nut, the kernel averages 31% of the nut, it cracks out well, has a very rich flavour and matures early[183].
A hardy, heavy-bearing tree, the flowers are protandrous[183].
- 'Brock'
- A large nut, the shell is perfect, kernel percentage and flavour are very good[183].
A moderately hardy, heavy bearing tree[183].
- 'Bates'
- A medium-size nut, the kernel percentage and flavour are very good[183]. Matures early[183].
A vigorous, hardy tree, it bears well[183].
Suppliers
For more details of plant suppliers please see our Suppliers Page which lists many more places to look.
Web References
References for Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis (a possible synonym).
- [G] Data
(Common Names, Uses, Distribution) from the USDA/ARS NPGS's GRIN taxonomic database.
References for the family Juglandaceae.
See the PFAF Links Pages for other sources.
Also try Photos and info from the The Plants Database which has 14,000 images.
[K] Ken Fern
Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.
[1] F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951
Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaces in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).
[11] Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981
A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.
[18] Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants. Watkins 1979
Details of beneficial and antagonistic relationships between neighbouring plants.
[20] Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. 1978 ISBN 0-88266-064-0
Fairly good.
[46] Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 1959
An excellent and very comprehensive guide but it only gives very short descriptions of the uses without any details of how to utilize the plants. Not for the casual reader.
[58] Ohwi. G. Flora of Japan. (English translation) Smithsonian Institution 1965
The standard work. Brilliant, but not for the casual reader.
[61] Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable 1974 ISBN 0094579202
Forget the sexist title, this is one of the best books on the subject. Lists a very extensive range of useful plants from around the world with very brief details of the uses. Not for the casual reader.
[63] Howes. F. N. Nuts. Faber 1948
Rather old but still a masterpiece. Has sections on tropical and temperate plants with edible nuts plus a section on nut plants in Britain. Very readable.
[78] Sheat. W. G. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. MacMillan and Co 1948
A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants.
[80] McMillan-Browse. P. Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books 1985 ISBN 0-901361-21-6
Does not deal with many species but it is very comprehensive on those that it does cover. Not for casual reading.
[105] Tanaka. T. Tanaka's Cyclopaedia of Edible Plants of the World. Keigaku Publishing 1976
The most comprehensive guide to edible plants I've come across. Only the briefest entry for each species, though, and some of the entries are more than a little dubious. Not for the casual reader.
[117] Rosengarten. jnr. F. The Book of Edible Nuts. Walker & Co. 1984 ISBN 0802707699
A very readable and comprehensive guide. Well illustrated.
[159] McPherson. A. and S. Wild Food Plants of Indiana. Indiana University Press 1977 ISBN 0-253-28925-4
A nice pocket guide to this region of America.
[160] Natural Food Institute, Wonder Crops. 1987.
Fascinating reading, this is an annual publication. Some reports do seem somewhat exaggerated though.
[177] Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books 1984 ISBN 3874292169
An excellent book for the dedicated. A comprehensive listing of latin names with a brief list of edible parts.
[178] Stuart. Rev. G. A. Chinese Materia Medica. Taipei. Southern Materials Centre
A translation of an ancient Chinese herbal. Fascinating.
[183] Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9
Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants (including tropical) and where they can be obtained (mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world.
[200] Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
Readers Comments
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