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Corylus avellana

Common name: Hazel Family: Betulaceae
Author: L. Botanical references: 11, 17, 200
Synonyms:  
Known Hazards: None known
Range: Europe, including Britain, from Norway to Spain and east to W. Asia.
Habitat: Woods and hedgerows, especially on the slopes of hills, often on calcareous soils[7, 17].
Edibility Rating (1-5): 5Medicinal Rating (1-5):2

Other Possible Synonyms:From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below.
C. avellana f. aurea[G] C. avellana f. contorta[G] C. avellana f. fusco-rubra[G] C. avellana f. heterophylla[G] C. avellana f. pendula[G] C. avellana var. aurea[G] C. avellana var. contorta[G] C. avellana var. fusco-rubra[G] C. avellana var. heterophylla[G] C. avellana var. pendula[G] C. heterophylla[G]
Other Common Names:From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below.
Avellano [E], Common Filbert [B,P], Corcscrew Hazel [H], European Hazel [H], Hazel [H,L,MS], Hazelaar [D], Koyunfindigi [E], Leptokaryon [E],
Systematics:From a USDA Plants Database
Order: Fagales. Birch family
Other Range Info: From the Ethnobotany Database
Spain Turkey

Physical Characteristics

A decidious tree growing to 6m by 3m at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone 4 and is frost tender. It is in flower from January to April, and the seeds ripen from September to October. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind. The plant is self-fertile. It is noted for attracting wildlife. We rate it 5/5 for edibility and 2/5 for medicinal use.

The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid and very alkaline soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil. The plant can tolerates strong winds but not maritime exposure.

Habitats and Possible Locations

Hedge, Woodland, Secondary, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade.

Cultivar 'Cosford Cob': Hedge, Woodland, Secondary, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade.
Cultivar 'Duke of York': Hedge, Woodland, Secondary, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade.
Cultivar 'Heterophylla': Hedge, Woodland, Secondary, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade.
Cultivar 'Nottingham Cob': Hedge, Woodland, Secondary, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade.
Cultivar 'Waterloo': Hedge, Woodland, Secondary, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade.

Edible Uses

Milk Oil Seed.

Seed - raw or roasted and used in breads, cakes, biscuits, sweets etc[2, 5, 9, 12, 13, 34, 183]. An excellent nut for raw eating[K]. They can also be liquidized and used as a plant milk[183]. Rich in oil. The seed ripens in mid to late autumn and will probably need to be protected from squirrels[K]. When kept in a cool place, and not shelled, the seed should store for at least 12 months[K].
A clear yellow edible oil is obtained from the seed[7, 9, 183]. It is used in salad dressings, baking etc.

Composition

Seed (Dry weight)
In grammes per 100g weight of food:
Water: 0 Calories: 650 Protein: 16 Fat: 60 Carbohydrate: 20 Fibre: 4 Ash: 2.8
In milligrammes per 100g weight of food:
Calcium: 250 Phosphorus: 400 Iron: 4 Sodium: 2.1 Potassium: 900 Thiamine: 0.3 Riboflavin: 0.5 Niacin: 5.3 VitaminC: 6

Medicinal Uses

Disclaimer

Anthelmintic Astringent Diaphoretic Febrifuge Nutritive Stomachic Tonic.

The bark, leaves, catkins and fruits are sometimes used medicinally[7]. They are astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, nutritive and odontalgic[7].
The seed is stomachic and tonic[240].
The oil has a very gentle but constant and effective action in cases of infection with threadworm or pinworm in babies and young children[7].

Other Uses

Basketry Charcoal Cosmetic Hedge Miscellany Oil Plant support Polish Tannin Wood.

The seed contains up to 65% of a non-drying oil, used in paints, cosmetics etc[13, 46, 57, 132]. The whole seed can be used to polish and oil wood[6]. It is very easy to apply and produces a nice finish[K].
The finely ground seeds are used as an ingredient of face masks in cosmetics[7].
Plants can be grown as a tall hedge[29]. They need to be left untrimmed or only lightly trimmed if seed is required[29].
The bark and leaves are a source of tannin[7].
Wood - soft, easy to split, not very durable, beautifully veined. Used for inlay work, small items of furniture, hurdles, wattles, basketry, pea sticks etc[7, 13, 23, 46, 61, 63, 66, 125]. The twigs are used as dowsing rods by water diviners[11]. The wood also yields a good quality charcoal, used by artists[63, 101].

Cultivation details

An easily grown plant, it succeeds in most soils, but is in general more productive of seeds when grown on soils of moderate fertility[11, 200]. It does less well in rich heavy soils or poor ones[11, 63]. Does well in a loamy soil[11]. Very suitable for an alkaline soil[11], but it dislikes very acid soils[17]. Succeeds in a pH range 4.5 to 8.5, but prefers a range of 5 to 7[200]. Plants are fairly wind tolerant[1, 11].
A very hardy plant, succeeding in all areas of Britain[200]. The flowers, however, are produced in late winter and early spring and can be damaged by heavy frosts at this time[200].
A parent, together with C. maxima, of many cultivated forms of filberts and cob nuts. There are many named varieties[11]. Plants are self-fertile but a more certain crop is obtained if more than one cultivar is grown[200].
The main difference between cob nuts and filberts is that the husk of a filbert is longer than the seed and often completely encloses it, whilst the husk on a cob nut is shorter than the seed[200].
Squirrels are a major pest of this plant, often decimating the crop of nuts[200].
Often grown as a coppiced shrub in woodlands, the stems have a variety of uses[23, 67, 186].
Members of this genus bear transplanting well and can be easily moved even when relatively large[11].
A food plant for the caterpillars of many lepidoptera species[30].

Propagation

Seed - best sown as soon as it is harvested in autumn in a cold frame[164]. Germinates in late winter or spring. Stored seed should be pre-soaked in warm water for 48 hours and then given 2 weeks warm followed by 3 - 4 months cold stratification[164]. Germinates in 1 - 6 months at 20° c[164]. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame or sheltered place outdoors for their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer[K].
Layering in autumn. Easy, it takes about 6 months[78, 200].
Division of suckers in early spring. Very easy, they can be planted out straight into their permanent positions.

Cultivars

'Waterloo'
A small nut with an excellent flavour[183].
'Nottingham Cob' 'Pearson's Prolific'
A medium-size nut with a sweet well-flavoured kernel[183]. It ripens early[183]. A small tree, it crops very well and is useful as a pollinator[183].
'Heterophylla'
This cultivar has attractive cut leaves. It has not been bred for its seeds but these are borne prolifically in a Gloucestershire garden[K].
'Duke of York'
'Cosford Cob'
A medium-size thin-shelled nut with a sweet flavour[183]. An upright fairly vigorous hardy tree, it bears reliably and produces abundant pollen which makes it a good pollinator for other cultivars[183].

Suppliers

Plants For A Future is working with the following groups to try and make these plants easily available. Parts of the proceeds will be donated to   so please mention us when ordering.

Forever Trees Nursery
Denbury Road
Ipplepen
TQ12 5TR
Phone 01803 814098 Distribution: UK
How to order: Direct from Forever Trees
Last Updated: March 03
Item: Corylus avellana (Hazel)
        Size: Availiable in 10's Price: £12
Item: Corylus avellana (Giant Nut) (Hazel (Giant Nut))
        Size: x 2 Price: £10

Cool Temperate Nurseries
10 Ivy Grove
Nottingham
NG7 7LZ
Email: philcorbett53@hotmail.com
Phone 0115 847 8302 Fax 0115 847 8302
Distribution: UK
How to order: Direct from Cool Temperate by email/phone
Notes: Many Trees supplied on their own rootstock
Last Updated: April 03
Item: Corylus avellana (Hazel)
        Varities: Cosford, Nottingham Cob, Webb's prize cob

For more details of plant suppliers please see our Suppliers Page which lists many more places to look.

PFAF Web Pages

This plant is mentioned in the following web pages

Web References

References for corylus avellana (a possible synonym).

References for the family Betulaceae.

See the PFAF Links Pages for other sources.

Also try Photos and info from the The Plants Database which has 14,000 images.

References

[K] Ken Fern
Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.

[1] F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951
Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaces in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).

[2] Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications 1972 ISBN 0-486-20459-6
Lots of entries, quite a lot of information in most entries and references.

[5] Mabey. R. Food for Free. Collins 1974 ISBN 0-00-219060-5
Edible wild plants found in Britain. Fairly comprehensive, very few pictures and rather optimistic on the desirability of some of the plants.

[6] Mabey. R. Plants with a Purpose. Fontana 1979 ISBN 0-00-635555-2
Details on some of the useful wild plants of Britain. Poor on pictures but otherwise very good.

[7] Chiej. R. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald 1984 ISBN 0-356-10541-5
Covers plants growing in Europe. Also gives other interesting information on the plants. Good photographs.

[9] Launert. E. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn 1981 ISBN 0-600-37216-2
Covers plants in Europe. a drawing of each plant, quite a bit of interesting information.

[11] Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981
A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures.

[12] Loewenfeld. C. and Back. P. Britain's Wild Larder. David and Charles ISBN 0-7153-7971-2
A handy pocket guide.

[13] Triska. Dr. Hamlyn Encyclopaedia of Plants. Hamlyn 1975 ISBN 0-600-33545-3
Very interesting reading, giving some details of plant uses and quite a lot of folk-lore.

[17] Clapham, Tootin and Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press 1962
A very comprehensive flora, the standard reference book but it has no pictures.

[23] Wright. D. Complete Book of Baskets and Basketry. David and Charles 1977 ISBN 0-7153-7449-4
Not that complete but very readable and well illustrated.

[29] Shepherd. F.W. Hedges and Screens. Royal Horticultural Society. 1974 ISBN 0900629649
A small but informative booklet giving details of all the hedging plants being grown in the R.H.S. gardens at Wisley in Surrey.

[30] Carter D. Butterflies and Moths in Britain and Europe. Pan 1982 ISBN 0-330-26642-x
An excellent book on Lepidoptera, it also lists their favourite food plants.

[34] Harrison. S. Wallis. M. Masefield. G. The Oxford Book of Food Plants. Oxford University Press 1975
Good drawings of some of the more common food plants from around the world. Not much information though.

[46] Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 1959
An excellent and very comprehensive guide but it only gives very short descriptions of the uses without any details of how to utilize the plants. Not for the casual reader.

[57] Schery. R. W. Plants for Man.
Fairly readable but not very comprehensive. Deals with plants from around the world.

[61] Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable 1974 ISBN 0094579202
Forget the sexist title, this is one of the best books on the subject. Lists a very extensive range of useful plants from around the world with very brief details of the uses. Not for the casual reader.

[63] Howes. F. N. Nuts. Faber 1948
Rather old but still a masterpiece. Has sections on tropical and temperate plants with edible nuts plus a section on nut plants in Britain. Very readable.

[66] Freethy. R. From Agar to Zenery. The Crowood Press 1985 ISBN 0-946284-51-2
Very readable, giving details on plant uses based on the authors own experiences.

[67] Ahrendt. Berberis and Mahonia. Journal of the Linnean Society, 57 1961
Not for the casual reader, it lists all the known species in these two genera together with botanic descriptions and other relevant details for the botanist.

[78] Sheat. W. G. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. MacMillan and Co 1948
A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants.

[101] Turner. N. J. and Szczawinski. A. Edible Wild Fruits and Nuts of Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences 1978
A very readable guide to some wild foods of Canada.

[125] ? The Plantsman. Vol. 5. 1983 - 1984. Royal Horticultural Society 1983
Excerpts from the periodical giving cultivation details and other notes on some of the useful plants..

[132] Bianchini. F., Corbetta. F. and Pistoia. M. Fruits of the Earth.
Lovely pictures, a very readable book.

[164] Bird. R. (Editor) Growing from Seed. Volume 4. Thompson and Morgan. 1990
Very readable magazine with lots of information on propagation. A good article on Yuccas, one on Sagebrush (Artemesia spp) and another on Chaerophyllum bulbosum.

[183] Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9
Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants (including tropical) and where they can be obtained (mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world.

[186] Beckett. G. and K. Planting Native Trees and Shrubs. Jarrold 1979
An excellent guide to native British trees and shrubs with lots of details about the plants.

[200] Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.

[240] Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1986
Very terse details of medicinal uses of plants with a wide range of references and details of research into the plants chemistry. Not for the casual reader.

Readers Comments

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