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Atriplex hortensis
| Common name: |
Orach |
Family: |
Chenopodiaceae |
| Author: |
L. |
Botanical references: |
200 |
| Synonyms: |
|
| Known Hazards: |
No member of this genus contains any toxins, all have more or less edible leaves. However, if grown with artificial fertilizers, they may concentrate harmful amounts of nitrates in their leaves.
The seed contains saponins[240]. Although poisonous, saponins are poorly absorbed by the human body and so most pass through without harm. Saponins are quite bitter and can be found in many common foods such as some beans. They can be removed by carefully leaching the seed or flour in running water. Thorough cooking, and perhaps changing the cooking water once, will also normally remove most of them. However, it is not advisable to eat large quantities of food that contain saponins. Saponins are much more toxic to some creatures, such as fish, and hunting tribes have traditionally put large quantities of them in streams, lakes etc in order to stupefy or kill the fish[K]. |
| Range: |
Europe. An occasional garden escape in Britain[17]. |
| Habitat: |
Arable land, waste and disturbed ground, shingle etc[9]. |
| Edibility Rating (1-5): |
4 | Medicinal Rating (1-5): | 2 |
| Other Possible Synonyms: | From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below. |
| A. hortense[E]
A. hortensis var. atrosanguinea[B,P]
A. hortensis var. rubra[G]
|
| Other Common Names: | From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below. |
| Armuella De Huerta [E], Armuelle [E], Arrach [H], Arroche Cultive [E], Arva Armoles [E], French Spinach [H], Garden Arrach [H], Garden Orach [L], Garden Orache [H,B,P], Mountain Spinach [H], Orach [H,E], Orache [H], Qataf Abyadh [E], Ruby Orach Mountain Spina [H], Tuinmelde [D], |
| Epithets: | From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |
|
hortensis = of gardens
|
| Systematics: | From a USDA Plants Database |
|
Order: Caryophyllales. Goosefoot family
|
| Other Range Info: |
From the Ethnobotany Database |
|
Europe
France Iraq Portugal Spain
|
Physical Characteristics
Annual growing to 1.8m by 0.3m at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone 6 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen in September. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind.
We rate it 4/5 for edibility and
2/5 for medicinal use.
The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and requires well-drained soil.
The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline and saline soils.
It cannot grow in the shade.
It requires moist soil.
The plant can tolerates strong winds but not maritime exposure.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Cultivated Beds.Edible Uses
Leaves
Seed.
Leaves - raw or cooked[2, 16, 27, 33]. Used like spinach[9], they have
a bland flavour and are traditionally mixed with sorrel leaves in order to
modify the acidity of the latter[183]. Another report says that the flavour
is stronger than spinach[264].
Seed - cooked. It can be ground into a meal and used in soups etc or be
mixed with flour when making bread[177, 183]. The seed is said to be a good
source of vitamin A[240]. The seed is also said to contain some
saponins[240]. See the notes above on toxicity. The seed is small and fiddly
to harvest and use.
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Antirheumatic
Diuretic Emetic Purgative.
The leaves are diuretic, emetic and purgative[100, 269]. They are also
said to be a stimulant to the metabolism and an infusion is used as a spring
tonic and a remedy for tiredness and nervous exhaustion[9]. They have been
suggested as a folk remedy for treating plethora and lung ailments[269]. The
leaves are said to be efficacious when used externally in the treatment of
gout[4].
The seeds, mixed with wine, are said to cure yellow jaundice. They also
excite vomiting[269].
The fruits are purgative and emetic[269].
Liniments and emollients prepared from the whole plant, like the juice of
the plant, are said to be folk remedies for indurations and tumours,
especially of the throat[269].
Other Uses
Biomass
Dye.
A blue dye is obtained from the seed[74, 100].
The plant is a potential source of biomass. Yields of 14 tonnes per hectare
have been achieved in the vicinity of Landskrona and Lund, Sweden. Higher
yields might be expected farther south. If the leaf-protein were extracted,
this should leave more than 13 tonnes biomass as by-product, for potential
conversion to liquid or gaseous fuels[269].
Cultivation details
Orach is a very easily grown plant, doing equally well in a wide
variety of well-drained soils, though rich, moisture-retentive soils give the
quick growth that is necessary for the production of tender leaves[33, 37,
200, 269]. Plants require a position in full sun and are tolerant of saline
and very alkaline soils[200]. They thrive in any temperate climate, and are
drought resistant[269]. Orach is reported to tolerate an annual precipitation
of 30 to 140cm, an average annual temperature in the range of 6 to 24° C, and
a pH of 5.0 to 8.2[269].
Orach was formerly cultivated for its edible leaves, there are some named
varieties[183]. It can be grown as a warm weather substitute for
spinach[183]. Some forms of this species have bronze or deep red leaves and
are occasionally grown as ornamental plants, their leaves taste the same as
the green-leafed forms[K].
Plants are fast-growing[238] and usually self-sow quite freely if the
surrounding soil is disturbed by hoeing etc[K]. They tolerate hot weather
well, but soon go to seed so successive sowings at 4 weekly intervals are
required during the growing season if a continuous supply of leaves is
required[269]. Leaves can be harvested 40 - 60 days after sowing the
seed[269].
This species is a poor companion plant for potatoes, inhibiting their growth
when growing close to them[20].
Propagation
Seed - sow March to August in situ, only just covering the seed[134].
Germination is usually good and rapid[K].
Cultivars
- 'Yellow' 'Golden' 'White' 'Blonde' 'Belle Dame'
- The leaves are a very pale green, almost yellow. This is the most widely grown cultivar in France, where it is considered to be the sweetest and most tender type for use as a boiled or steamed vegetable[183].
- 'Red' 'Purple' 'Rubra'
- A very attractive form, both the leaves and the stems are dark-red in colour, making it a popular garnish in the restaurant trade[183]. It usually turns green when cooked, though it is claimed that some forms retain their colour[183].
- 'Magenta Purple'
- A very attractive deep-purple form with excellent flavour[183].
The plant grows 60 - 90cm tall[183].
- 'Chakwat'
- An improved cultivar, developed in N. India, with dark green leaves[183].
Suppliers
For more details of plant suppliers please see our Suppliers Page which lists many more places to look.
Web References
- Details of Medicinal Uses, Habitats, etc. in M. Grieve A Modern Herbal (1931) [4]
- [H] Details of Scandanavian and European Common names in Henriette's names database
- [L] Scientific and Common Names (some photos)
from Lepidoptera and some other life forms
- [E] Ethnobotany Data
(common names, uses, countries) from the Ethnobotany Database.
- [B] Data
(Latin & Common names, other references) from the BONAP's Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
- [G] Data
(Common Names, Uses, Distribution) from the USDA/ARS NPGS's GRIN taxonomic database.
- [C] Taxon data.
from the CalFlora database.
- [P] Data.
(uses, distribution, wetland) from the USDA'a Plants database.
- [HEC] Use, Folk Medicine, etc. from Handbook of Energy Crops by James Duke
- [HP] Links, Photos, Suppliers from Hortiplex Plant Database
References for Atriplex hortense (a possible synonym).
References for the family Chenopodiaceae.
See the PFAF Links Pages for other sources.
Also try Photos and info from the The Plants Database which has 14,000 images.
[K] Ken Fern
Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.
[2] Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications 1972 ISBN 0-486-20459-6
Lots of entries, quite a lot of information in most entries and references.
[4] Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9
Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
[9] Launert. E. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn 1981 ISBN 0-600-37216-2
Covers plants in Europe. a drawing of each plant, quite a bit of interesting information.
[16] Simons. New Vegetable Growers Handbook. Penguin 1977 ISBN 0-14-046-050-0
A good guide to growing vegetables in temperate areas, not entirely organic.
[17] Clapham, Tootin and Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press 1962
A very comprehensive flora, the standard reference book but it has no pictures.
[20] Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. 1978 ISBN 0-88266-064-0
Fairly good.
[27] Vilmorin. A. The Vegetable Garden. Ten Speed Press ISBN 0-89815-041-8
A reprint of a nineteenth century classic, giving details of vegetable varieties. Not really that informative though.
[33] Organ. J. Rare Vegetables for Garden and Table. Faber 1960
Unusual vegetables that can be grown outdoors in Britain. A good guide.
[37] Thompson. B. The Gardener's Assistant. Blackie and Son. 1878
Excellent general but extensive guide to gardening practices in the 19th century. A very good section on fruits and vegetables with many little known species.
[74] Komarov. V. L. Flora of the USSR. Israel Program for Scientific Translation 1968
An immense (25 or more large volumes) and not yet completed translation of the Russian flora. Full of information on plant uses and habitats but heavy going for casual readers.
[100] Polunin. O. Flowers of Europe - A Field Guide. Oxford University Press 1969 ISBN 0192176218
An excellent and well illustrated pocket guide for those with very large pockets. Also gives some details on plant uses.
[134] Rice. G. (Editor) Growing from Seed. Volume 2. Thompson and Morgan. 1988
Very readable magazine with lots of information on propagation. An interesting article on Ensete ventricosum.
[177] Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books 1984 ISBN 3874292169
An excellent book for the dedicated. A comprehensive listing of latin names with a brief list of edible parts.
[183] Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9
Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants (including tropical) and where they can be obtained (mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world.
[200] Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
[238] Bown. D. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1995 ISBN 0-7513-020-31
A very well presented and informative book on herbs from around the globe. Plenty in it for both the casual reader and the serious student. Just one main quibble is the silly way of having two separate entries for each plant.
[240] Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1986
Very terse details of medicinal uses of plants with a wide range of references and details of research into the plants chemistry. Not for the casual reader.
[264] Phillips. R. & Rix. M. Vegetables Macmillan Reference Books, London. 1995 ISBN 0 333 62640 0
Excellent and easily read book with good information and an excellent collection of photos of vegetables from around the world, including many unusual species.
[269] Duke. J. Handbook of Energy Crops - 1983
Published only on the Internet, excellent information on a wide range of plants.
Readers Comments
Atriplex hortensis
Dallas Gardinier
(land_dot@yahoo.com)
Tue Apr 22 20:11:12 2003
I want to know if orach has high amounts of oxalic acid. And data on it's nutrient content.
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