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Artemisia absinthum
| Common name: |
Wormwood |
Family: |
Compositae |
| Author: |
L. |
Botanical references: |
17, 200 |
| Synonyms: |
|
| Known Hazards: |
The plant is poisonous if used in large quantities[20, 61]. Even small quantities have been known to cause nervous disorders, convulsions, insomnia etc[222]. Just the scent of the plant has been known to cause headaches and nervousness in some people[169].
The plant contains thujone. In small quantities this acts as a brain stimulant but is toxic in excess[254]. |
| Range: |
Temperate regions of Europe and Asia, including Britain, north to Lapland and Siberia. |
| Habitat: |
Waste land, rocks and screes[4, 9, 100]. |
| Edibility Rating (1-5): |
3 | Medicinal Rating (1-5): | 3 |
| Other Possible Synonyms: | From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below. |
| A. absinthium[B,DUTCH,E,G,H,HPIC,L,P]
A. absinthium var. insipida[B]
|
| Other Common Names: | From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below. |
| Absintalsem [D], Absinth Sagewort [P], Absinth Wormwood [L,FEIS], Absinthe [E,H], Ajenjo [E], Ajenjo Oficial [E], Common Wormwood [H], Feuilles Ameres [E], Niga-Yomogi [E], Old Woman [H], Oldman [B], Pelin [E], Wormswood [E], Wormwood [H,L], |
| Systematics: | From a USDA
Plants Database |
|
Order: Asterales. Renamed to Asteraceae -- Aster family
|
| Other Range Info: |
From the Ethnobotany Database |
|
Argentina; Britain; Chile; Egypt; Haiti; Paraguay; Spain; Turkey; Us
|
| Noxious, Invasive and Injurious Weeds | From USDA
PLANTS database, Weeds Australia
, DEFRA Injurious Weeds | | Listed as noxious/invasive for: Minnesota, North Dakota, Washington. |
Physical Characteristics
Perennial growing to 1m by 0.6m . It is hardy to zone 4 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from July to August. The scented flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Wind.
We rate it 3/5 for edibility and
3/5 for medicinal use.
The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil.
The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline soil.
It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade.
It requires dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Cultivated Beds.Edible Uses
Condiment.
Leaves are occasionally used as a flavouring[27, 177, 183]. Caution is
advised, prolonged use is known to have a detrimental effect - see the notes
above on toxicity[K].
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
Anthelmintic; Antiseptic; Antispasmodic; Carminative; Cholagogue; Emmenagogue; Febrifuge; Homeopathy; Hypnotic; Stimulant; Stomachic; Tonic; Vermifuge.
Wormwood is a very bitter plant with a long history of use as a
medicinal herb. It is valued especially for its tonic effect on the liver,
gallbladder and digestive system, and for its vermicidal activity[4, 238,
254]. It is an extremely useful medicine for those with weak and under-active
digestion. It increases stomach acid and bile production, improving digestion
and the absorption of nutrients[254]. It also eases wind and bloating and, if
taken regularly, helps the body return to full vitality after a prolonged
illness[254].
The leaves and flowering shoots are anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory,
antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, carminative, cholagogue, emmenagogue,
febrifuge, hypnotic, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge[4, 9, 21, 46,
165, 222, 254]. The plant is harvested as it is coming into flower and then
dried for later use[4]. Use with caution[21], the plant should be taken
internally in small doses for short-term treatment only, preferably under the
supervision of a qualified practitioner[238]. It should not be prescribed for
children or pregnant women[238]. See also the notes above on toxicity.
The extremely bitter leaves are chewed to stimulate the appetite[222]. The
bitter taste on the tongue sets off a reflex action, stimulating stomach and
other digestive secretions[254]. The leaves have been used with some success
in the treatment of anorexia nervosa[244].
The plant is applied externally to bruises and bites[238]. A warm compress
has been used to ease sprains and strained muscles[257].
A homeopathic remedy is made from the leaves[9]. It is used to stimulate
bile and gastric juice production and to treat disorders of the liver and
gall bladder[9]. We have a more details factsheet on the history and medicinal use of this plant. Email webmaster@pfaf.org for details.
Other Uses
Repellent; Strewing.
The fresh or dried shoots are said to repel insects and mice[6, 18, 20,
169], they have been laid amongst clothing to repel moths and have also been
used as a strewing herb[4, 14, 257]. An infusion of the plant is said to
discourage slugs and insects[14, 18, 201]. The plant contains substances
called sesquiterpene lactones, these are strongly insecticidal[254].
Cultivation details
Succeeds in any soil but it is best in a poor dry one with a warm
aspect[37]. Established plants are very drought tolerant[190, 200]. Plants
are longer lived, more hardy and more aromatic when they are grown in a poor
dry soil[245]. Easily grown in a well-drained circumneutral or slightly
alkaline loamy soil, preferring a sunny position[1, 200]. Prefers a shady
situation according to another report[4]. Tolerates a pH in the range 4.8 to
8.2.
Wormwood is occasionally grown in the herb garden, there are some named
forms[187]. The growing plant is said to inhibit the growth of fennel, sage,
caraway, anise and most young plants, especially in wet years[14, 18, 20].
Wormwood is a good companion for carrots, however, helping to protect them
from root fly[201].
This herb was at one time the principal flavouring in the liqueur 'Absinthe'
but its use has now been banned in most countries since prolonged consumption
can lead to chronic poisoning, epileptiform convulsions and degeneration of
the central nervous system[244].
The scent of the plant attracts dogs[169].
Members of this genus are rarely if ever troubled by browsing deer[233].
Propagation
Seed - surface sow from late winter to early summer in a greenhouse.
The seed usually germinates within 2 - 26 weeks at 15°c[134]. When they are
large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots. They
can be planted out in the summer, or kept in pots in a cold frame for the
winter and then planted out in the spring.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, July/August in a frame.
Division in spring or autumn.
Scent
-
Leaves: Crushed Dried
- The leaves and shoots are aromatic.
Cultivars
- ''
- No entries have been made for this species as yet.
Suppliers
For more details of plant suppliers please see our Suppliers Page which lists many more places to look.
Web References
References for Artemisia absinthium (a possible synonym).
- [H] Details of Scandanavian and European Common names in Henriette's names database
- [E] Ethnobotany Data
(common names, uses, countries) from the Ethnobotany Database.
- [V] Images
from the Vascular Plant Image Gallery of the Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group.
- [B] Data
(Latin & Common names, other references) from the BONAP's Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
- [PHARM] Phytochemical Data
(common names, uses, countries) from Dr Duke's Phytochemical Database.
- [G] Data
(Common Names, Uses, Distribution) from the USDA/ARS NPGS's GRIN taxonomic database.
- [P] Data.
(uses, distribution, wetland) from the USDA'a Plants database.
- [FEIS] Data
(Uses, Ecology, Fire Effects) from the USDA Forestry Service Fire Effects Information System.
References for artemisia absinthium (a possible synonym).
See the PFAF Links Pages for other sources.
Also try Photos and info from the The Plants Database which has 14,000 images.
[K] Ken Fern
Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.
[1] F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951
Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaces in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).
[4] Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9
Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
[6] Mabey. R. Plants with a Purpose. Fontana 1979 ISBN 0-00-635555-2
Details on some of the useful wild plants of Britain. Poor on pictures but otherwise very good.
[9] Launert. E. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn 1981 ISBN 0-600-37216-2
Covers plants in Europe. a drawing of each plant, quite a bit of interesting information.
[14] Holtom. J. and Hylton. W. Complete Guide to Herbs. Rodale Press 1979 ISBN 0-87857-262-7
A good herbal.
[17] Clapham, Tootin and Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press 1962
A very comprehensive flora, the standard reference book but it has no pictures.
[18] Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants. Watkins 1979
Details of beneficial and antagonistic relationships between neighbouring plants.
[20] Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. 1978 ISBN 0-88266-064-0
Fairly good.
[21] Lust. J. The Herb Book. Bantam books 1983 ISBN 0-553-23827-2
Lots of information tightly crammed into a fairly small book.
[27] Vilmorin. A. The Vegetable Garden. Ten Speed Press ISBN 0-89815-041-8
A reprint of a nineteenth century classic, giving details of vegetable varieties. Not really that informative though.
[37] Thompson. B. The Gardener's Assistant. Blackie and Son. 1878
Excellent general but extensive guide to gardening practices in the 19th century. A very good section on fruits and vegetables with many little known species.
[46] Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 1959
An excellent and very comprehensive guide but it only gives very short descriptions of the uses without any details of how to utilize the plants. Not for the casual reader.
[61] Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable 1974 ISBN 0094579202
Forget the sexist title, this is one of the best books on the subject. Lists a very extensive range of useful plants from around the world with very brief details of the uses. Not for the casual reader.
[100] Polunin. O. Flowers of Europe - A Field Guide. Oxford University Press 1969 ISBN 0192176218
An excellent and well illustrated pocket guide for those with very large pockets. Also gives some details on plant uses.
[134] Rice. G. (Editor) Growing from Seed. Volume 2. Thompson and Morgan. 1988
Very readable magazine with lots of information on propagation. An interesting article on Ensete ventricosum.
[165] Mills. S. Y. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism.
An excellent small herbal.
[169] Buchanan. R. A Weavers Garden.
Covers all aspects of growing your own clothes, from fibre plants to dyes.
[177] Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books 1984 ISBN 3874292169
An excellent book for the dedicated. A comprehensive listing of latin names with a brief list of edible parts.
[183] Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9
Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants (including tropical) and where they can be obtained (mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world.
[187] Phillips. R. & Rix. M. Perennials Volumes 1 and 2. Pan Books 1991 ISBN 0-330-30936-9
Photographs of over 3,000 species and cultivars of ornamental plants together with brief cultivation notes, details of habitat etc.
[190] Chatto. B. The Dry Garden. Dent 1982 ISBN 0460045512
A good list of drought resistant plants with details on how to grow them.
[200] Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
[201] Allardice.P. A - Z of Companion Planting. Cassell Publishers Ltd. 1993 ISBN 0-304-34324-2
A well produced and very readable book.
[222] Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990 ISBN 0395467225
A concise book dealing with almost 500 species. A line drawing of each plant is included plus colour photographs of about 100 species. Very good as a field guide, it only gives brief details about the plants medicinal properties.
[233] Thomas. G. S. Perennial Garden Plants J. M. Dent & Sons, London. 1990 ISBN 0 460 86048 8
A concise guide to a wide range of perennials. Lots of cultivation guides, very little on plant uses.
[238] Bown. D. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1995 ISBN 0-7513-020-31
A very well presented and informative book on herbs from around the globe. Plenty in it for both the casual reader and the serious student. Just one main quibble is the silly way of having two separate entries for each plant.
[244] Phillips. R. & Foy. N. Herbs Pan Books Ltd. London. 1990 ISBN 0-330-30725-8
Deals with all types of herbs including medicinal, culinary, scented and dye plants. Excellent photographs with quite good information on each plant.
[245] Genders. R. Scented Flora of the World. Robert Hale. London. 1994 ISBN 0-7090-5440-8
An excellent, comprehensive book on scented plants giving a few other plant uses and brief cultivation details. There are no illustrations.
[254] Chevallier. A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants Dorling Kindersley. London 1996 ISBN 9-780751-303148
An excellent guide to over 500 of the more well known medicinal herbs from around the world.
[257] Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. 1998 ISBN 0-88192-453-9
Very comprehensive but terse guide to the native uses of plants. Excellent bibliography, fully referenced to each plant, giving a pathway to further information. Not for the casual reader.
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