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Amaranthus cruentus
| Common name: |
Purple Amaranth |
Family: |
Amaranthaceae |
| Author: |
L. |
Botanical references: |
200 |
| Synonyms: |
Amaranthus paniculatus (L.), Amaranthus hybridus cruentus ((L.)Thell.) |
| Known Hazards: |
No members of this genus are known to be poisonous, but when grown on nitrogen-rich soils they are known to concentrate nitrates in the leaves. This is especially noticeable on land where chemical fertilizers are used. Nitrates are implicated in stomach cancers, blue babies and some other health problems. It is inadvisable, therefore, to eat this plant if it is grown inorganically. |
| Range: |
Original habitat is obscure, it was probably tropical America. |
| Habitat: |
Not known in a truly wild situation. |
| Edibility Rating (1-5): |
4 | Medicinal Rating (1-5): | 0 |
| Other Possible Synonyms: | From various places across the web, may not be correct. See below. |
| A. hybridus[DUTCH]
A. hybridus ssp. cruentus[B,P]
A. hybridus subsp. cruentus[G]
A. hybridus var. cruentus[B,P]
|
| Other Common Names: | From various places around the Web, may not be correct. See below. |
| Grain Amaranth [H], Groene Amarant [D], Prince's Feather [H], Red Amaranth [B,P], |
| Epithets: | From a Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |
|
amara = bitter;
cruentus = blood red;
|
| Systematics: | From a USDA
Plants Database |
|
Order: Caryophyllales. Amaranth family
|
| Other Range Info: |
From the Ethnobotany Database |
|
India(Santal); Lesotho
|
Physical Characteristics
Annual growing to 2m. It is frost tender. It is in flower from July to September, and the seeds ripen from August to September. The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind.
The plant is self-fertile.
We rate it 4/5 for edibility and
0/5 for medicinal use.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil.
The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid soil.
It cannot grow in the shade.
It requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible Locations
Cultivated Beds.Edible Uses
Colouring; Leaves; Seed.
Leaves - cooked as a spinach[183]. The mild-flavoured leaves are rich
in vitamins and minerals[183].
Seed - very small but easy to harvest and very nutritious. They are eaten
cooked or ground into a powder and used for making cakes etc[183, 257]. They
can also be sprouted and used in salads[183]. The seed can be cooked whole,
and becomes very gelatinous like this, but it is rather difficult to crush
all of the small seeds in the mouth and thus some of the seed will pass right
through the digestive system without being assimilated[K].
The flowers are used as a food colouring in ceremonial maize bread[183]. Composition
- Seed (Fresh weight)
-
In grammes per 100g weight of food:
Protein: 15
Medicinal Uses
Disclaimer
None known
Other Uses
Dye.
Yellow and green dyes can be obtained from the whole plant[168].
Cultivation details
Prefers a well-drained fertile soil in a sunny position[200]. Requires
a hot sheltered position if it is to do well[K]. Tolerates a pH in the range
4 to 7.5.
Plants should not be given inorganic fertilizers, see notes above on
toxicity.
This species is cultivated for its edible seed in many parts of S. America
and in Japan[58, 97, 183]. There is at least one named variety, 'Oeschberg'
is a very productive plant, growing 1 metre tall and can yield up to 2.5
tonnes per hectare[183]. This species is the most adaptable of the grain
amaranths, it also flowers under a wider range of daylength hours than the
other species[183].
Most if not all members of this genus photosynthesize by a more efficient
method than most plants. Called the 'C4 carbon-fixation pathway', this
process is particularly efficient at high temperatures, in bright sunlight
and under dry conditions[196].
Propagation
Seed - sow late spring in situ. An earlier sowing can be made in a
greenhouse and the plants put out after the last expected frosts. Germination
is usually rapid and good if the soil is warm[133]. A drop in temperature
overnight aids germination[133].
Cuttings of growing plants root easily[206].
Cultivars
- 'R158'
- The medium-size white seeds are high in the amino acid lysine[183]. They are used to make a flour, for popping or for sprouting[183].
A very early-maturing plant, capable of ripening a seed crop with 93 days from sowing, it has ornamental red leaves and stems[183]. A vigorous growing and high yielding plant, but it lodges easily[183]. Harvest, thresh and winnow the seed after the first frosts[183].
Plants are best grown 7 - 10cm apart in rows 60cm apart[183].
- 'Popping'
- The white seed can be popped in a frying pan or a wok at high temperatures - no oil is needed[183].
A high yielding plant with a red and tan seed head[183]. It breaks off easily in the wind[183]. The plant matures a crop within 110 days from sowing[183].
- 'Oeschberg'
- A very productive plant, growing 1 metre tall and capable of yields up to 2.5 tonnes per hectare[183].
- 'Golden Giant'
- The plant produces large orange-golden seedheads. The relatively large seeds are mixed light and dark gold[183]. Yields of up to 450 grammes per plant have been achieved[183].
An early, heavy bearing ornamental cultivar, maturing in 120 days from sowing the seed[183]. It grows to 2.4 metres tall and does not produce side branches[183]. The leaves are green with golden brown veins, the stalks and flower heads are also golden brown[183]. The seed is easily gathered and threshed, but the plants are somewhat prone to lodging[183].
- '1041' 'R149'
- A uniform, high-yielding green plant, with predominantly white seeds[183].
Growing to 1.8 metres tall, it is mostly single-stemmed when planted at recommended densities[183]. A medium-length growing season, plants are somewhat resistant to Lygus infestations[183]. This is the most commonly grown cultivar in N. America[183].
Suppliers
For more details of plant suppliers please see our Suppliers Page which lists many more places to look.
Web References
- [H] Details of Scandanavian and European Common names in Henriette's names database
- [E] Ethnobotany Data
(common names, uses, countries) from the Ethnobotany Database.
- [V] Images
from the Vascular Plant Image Gallery of the Texas A&M Bioinformatics Working Group.
- [W] Photos
(common names, range) from the University of Washington Medicinal Herb Garden.
- [B] Data
(Latin & Common names, other references) from the BONAP's Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
- [C] Taxon data.
from the CalFlora database.
- [G] Data
(Common Names, Uses, Distribution) from the USDA/ARS NPGS's GRIN taxonomic database.
- [P] Data.
(uses, distribution, wetland) from the USDA'a Plants database.
- [HP] Links, Photos, Suppliers from Hortiplex Plant Database
References for Amaranthus paniculatus (a possible synonym).
References for the family Amaranthaceae.
See the PFAF Links Pages for other sources.
Also try Photos and info from the The Plants Database which has 14,000 images.
[K] Ken Fern
Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.
[58] Ohwi. G. Flora of Japan. (English translation) Smithsonian Institution 1965
The standard work. Brilliant, but not for the casual reader.
[97] Towle. M. A. The Ethno-Botany of Pre-Columbian Peru.
A very interesting book covering quite a lot of information on plant uses in S. America although many of the plants are not suitable for temperate areas..
[133] Rice. G. (Editor) Growing from Seed. Volume 1. Thompson and Morgan. 1987
Very readable magazine with lots of information on propagation.
[168] Grae. I. Nature's Colors - Dyes from Plants. MacMillan Publishing Co. New York. 1974 ISBN 0-02-544950-8
A very good and readable book on dyeing.
[183] Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9
Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants (including tropical) and where they can be obtained (mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world.
[196] Popenoe. H. et al Lost Crops of the Incas National Academy Press 1990 ISBN 0-309-04264-X
An excellent book. Very readable, with lots of information and good pictures of some lesser known food plants of S. America.
[200] Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed.
[206] Larkcom J. Oriental Vegetables John Murray 1991 ISBN 0-7195-4781-4
Well written and very informative.
[257] Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. 1998 ISBN 0-88192-453-9
Very comprehensive but terse guide to the native uses of plants. Excellent bibliography, fully referenced to each plant, giving a pathway to further information. Not for the casual reader.
Readers Comments
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Plant information taken from the
Plants For A Future -
Species Database.
Copyright (c) 1997-2003.
WEB search engine by Rich Morris - Home Page- Contact Info
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Website: www.pfaf.org Phone: 0845 458 4719/_44(0) 1208 872963 This page (UK) http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Amaranthus+cruentus
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